প্রবন্ধ ও সমালোচনা সাহিত্য

আধুনিক প্রবন্ধ সাহিত্যের সূত্রপাত (?) – মত্যাঁঞ Montaigne 1533 – 1592

Essais 1580;  যুক্তি ও বিমূর্ত বিষয়ে ভাবনা - Plato (427-347BC), Cicero (106-43BC)

“Montaigne in ‘Of Repentance’ prides himself on being the first author to overcome this fragmentation, on being the first to communicate with readers ‘by my entire being, as Michel de Montaigne, not as a grammarian or a poet or a jurist’.” (Heilker, Paul; The Essay : Theory and Pedagogy for an Active Form; NCTE, Urbana, IL, 1996. P- 18)

“It is common conception that the essay split into two distinct modes after Montaigne, one ‘informal, personal, intimate, relaxed, conversational and often humorous’, and the other ‘dogmatic, impersonal, systematic and expository’.” (P- 34)

Georg Lukacs (1885 – 1971) ‘On the Nature and Form of the essay’.

“Lukacs sees the essay as deconstructive form that resist the false immediacy and premature synthesis offered by conventionally accepted knowledge.” (P- 38)

বস্তুতন্ত্রতা বস্তু কি – প্রমথ চৌধুরী; ( সবুজ পত্র । মাঘ ১৩২১); গ্রন্থপ্রকাশ - ‘নানা কথা’ (মে ১৯১৯) – ‘বস্তুতন্ত্রতা বস্তু কি?’  

বিপিনচন্দ্র পাল – ‘চরিত্র চিত্র’ (বঙ্গদর্শন, ১৩১৮ চৈত্র)

রাধাকমল মুখোপাধ্যায় – ‘লোকশিক্ষক বা জননায়ক’ (প্রবাসী, ১৩২১ আষাঢ়) – “রবীন্দ্রসাহিত্য সার্বজনীন নহে” / অবাস্তবতা ?

রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর – ‘বাস্তব’ (সবুজ পত্র, ১৩২১ শ্রাবণ)

রাধাকমল মুখোপাধ্যায় – ‘সাহিত্যে বাস্তবতা’ (সবুজ পত্র। ১৩২১ মাঘ)

সাহিত্য বাস্তবকে অবলম্বন করিয়াই রস সৃষ্টি করে। রস জিনিসটার একটা আধার থাকা চাই – সেই আধারটাই হইতেছে বাস্তব।

Realism – “Realist writers sought to narrate their novels from an objective, unbiased perspective that simply and clearly represented the factual elements of the story.” (Literary Movements for Students; 2^nd Ed, Project Editor – Ira Mark Milne, GALE Cengage Learning, USA, 2009, p- 654)

দেবপ্রিয় ভট্টাচার্য, প্রেবি

   Plato

 

It is widely accepted that Plato, the Athenian philosopher, was born in 428-7 B.C.E and died at the age of eighty or eighty-one at 348-7 B.C.E. When Socrates died, Plato left Athens, staying first in Megara, but then going on to several other places, including perhaps Cyrene, Italy, Sicily, and even Egypt. Plato returned to Athens and founded a school, known as the Academy. (This is where we get our word, “academic.” The Academy got its name from its location, a grove of trees sacred to the hero Academus—or Hecademus [see D.L. 3.7]—a mile or so outside the Athenian walls.

Supposedly possessed of outstanding intellectual and artistic ability even from his youth, according to Diogenes, Plato began his career as a writer of tragedies, but hearing Socrates talk, he wholly abandoned that path, and even burned a tragedy he had hoped to enter in a dramatic competition (D.L. 3.5). Whether or not any of these stories is true, there can be no question of Plato’s mastery of dialogue, characterization, and dramatic context. He may, indeed, have written some epigrams; of the surviving epigrams attributed to him in antiquity, some may be genuine.

“And now we may fairly take him and place him by the side of the painter, for he is like him in two ways: first, inasmuch as his creations have an inferior degree of truth — in this, I say, he is like him; and he is also like him in being concerned with an inferior part of the soul; and therefore we shall be right in refusing to admit him into a well-ordered State, because he awakens and nourishes and strengthens the feelings and impairs the reason. As in a city when the evil are permitted to have authority and the good are put out of the way, so in the soul of man, as we maintain, the imitative poet implants an evil constitution, for he indulges the irrational nature which has no discernment of greater and less, but thinks the same thing at one time great and at another small — he is a manufacturer of images and is very far removed from the truth.”(Republic – Ch-X)

 (http://www.constitution.org/pla/repub_10.htm)

Aristotle

Aristotle is a towering figure in ancient Greek philosophy, making contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance and theatre. He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates. Aristotle was born in 384 BCE at Stagirus, a now extinct Greek colony and seaport on the coast of Thrace. His father Nichomachus was court physician to King Amyntas of Macedonia.

Poetics /Written 350 B.C.E/ Translated by S. H. Butcher

“Tragedy, then, is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude; in language embellished with each kind of artistic ornament, the several kinds being found in separate parts of the play; in the form of action, not of narrative; through pity and fear effecting the proper purgation of these emotions.” (Ch – VI)

“But most important of all is the structure of the incidents. For Tragedy is an imitation, not of men, but of an action and of life, and life consists in action, and its end is a mode of action, not a quality.” (Ch – VI)

নীলদর্পণের অনুবাদ....পড়ে দেখা যেতে পারে - এইখানে

http://archive.org/stream/nildarpanorindig00mitriala/nildarpanorindig00mitriala_djvu.txt

এই লিংক টি কপি করে আড্রেস বার-এ পেস্ট করে মূল অনুবাদ দেখা যাবে।

(এই লিংক থেকে কপি করা)

NIL DARPAN, 



THE INDIGO PLANTING MIRROR, 



Brama, 



TRANSLATED FROM THE BENGALI 



A NATIVE. 



CAL CUTTA .- 

C. H. MANUEL, CALCUTTA PRINTING AND PUBLISHING PRESS, No. 10, 
WESTON'S LANE, COSSITOLLAJI. 



1861. 



INTBODUCTION. 



THE original Bengali of this Drama the NIL DARPAN, OR 
INDIGO PLANTING MIRROR having excited considerable in- 
terest, a wish was expressed by various Europeans to see a 
translation of it. This has been madefy a Native ; both the 
original and translation are bond fide Native productions and 
depiclthe Indigo Plan ting System as viewed by Natives at large. 

The Drama is the favourite mode with the Hindus for 
describing certain states of society, manners, customs. Since 
the days of Sir W. Jones, by scholars at Paris, St. Peters- 
burgh, and London, the Sanskrit Drama has, in this point of 
view, been highly appreciated. The Bengali Prama imitates 
in this respect its Sanskrit parent. The evils of Kulin 
Brahminism, widow marriage prohibition, quackery, fanaticism, 
have been depicted by it with great effect. 

Nor has the system of Indigo planting escaped 
notice : hence the origin of this work, the NIL DARPANT, 
which, though exhibiting no marvellous or very tragic 
scenes, yet, in simple homely language, gives the " annals 
of the poor ;" pleads the cause of those who are the 
feeble ; it describes a respectable ryot, a peasant proprietor, 
happy with his family in the enjoyment of his land till the 
Indigo System compelled him to take advances, to neglect his 
own land, to cultivate crops which beggared him, reducing him 
to the condition of a serf and a vagabond ; the effect of this 
on his home, children, and relatives are pointed out in language, 
plain but true ; it shows how arbitrary power debases the lord 
as well as the peasant ; reference is also made to the partiality 
of various Magistrates in favor of Planters and to the Act of 
last year penally enforcing Indigo contracts. 



2021470 



Attention has of late years been directed by Christian 
Philanthropists to the condition of the ryots of Bengal, their 
teachers, and the oppression which they suffer, and the con- 
clusion arrived at is, that therels little prospect or possibility 
of ameliorating the mental, moral, or spiritual condition of the 
ryot without giving him security of landed-tenure. If the 
Bengal ryot is to be treated as a serf, or a mere squatter or 
day-labourer, the missionary, the school-master, even the 
Developer of the resources of India, will find their work like 
that of Sisyphus vain and useless. 

Statistics have proved that in France, Switzerland, Hg"land, 
Belgium, Sweden, Denmark, Saxony, the education of the 
peasant, along with the security of tenure he enjoys on his 
small farms, has encouraged industrious, temperate, virtuous, 
and cleanly habits, fostered a respect for property, increased 
social comforts, cherished a spirit of healthy and active 
independence, improved the cultivation of the land, lessened 
pauperism, and has rendered the people averse to revolu- 
tion, and friends of order. Even Russia is carrying out a 
grand scheme of serf-emancipation in this spirit. 

It is the earnest wish of the writer of these lines that 
harmony may be speedily established Jbetween the Planter 
and the Ryot, that mutual interests may bind the two 
classes together, and that the European may be in the 
Mofussil the protecting ^Egis of the peasants, who may be 
able " to sit eaph man under his mango and tamarind tree, 
none daring to make him afraid/'